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Our research focuses on interfacial phenomena such as Marangoni effects, and interfacial instabilities during the evaporation of sessile droplets on substrates. We employ Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and particle tracking techniques to visualize internal flow dynamics and uncover previously unexplored features. In addition, particle migration and self-assembly within evaporating droplets are also investigated, which are critical for applications like inkjet printing and coating processes. Particular emphasis is placed on understanding the role of capillary meniscus forces (CMF) at the air–liquid interface.

This study aims to provide new insights into particle deposition patterns and enable the development of flexible photonic crystals for anti-counterfeiting applications, self-cleaning, anti-relfecting coating.

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