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Our laboratory has recently made significant advances in understanding evaporation-driven transport phenomena and particle self-assembly in sessile droplets. Through the application of high-resolution Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and particle-tracking techniques, we have uncovered previously unexplored internal flow structures, interfacial instabilities, and mechanisms governing particle migration during droplet evaporation. A particular focus has been placed on elucidating the role of capillary meniscus forces (CMF) at the air-liquid interface, revealing their critical influence on particle organization, deposition patterns, and the formation of ordered colloidal structures. These breakthroughs provide new strategies for controlling evaporation-induced self-assembly and have opened pathways toward the fabrication of flexible photonic crystals and other functional surfaces with potential applications in anti-counterfeiting technologies, self-cleaning materials, anti-reflective coatings, and advanced printing and coating processes.

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